在留学时，我们经常能听到教授强调Critical Thinking，也就是「批判性思维」的重要性。
尤其是在论文中，“是否很好地体现了批判性思维”也是影响你能否拿到高分的一个重要评分标准
导师喜欢什么样的Critical thinking呢？
试图批判性地分析，而不仅仅是描述
简明扼要的进行批判性的评价，并且附有引用作为支撑。
讨论和争论完美的结合，同时对于资料来源进行比较和分析
Introductory phrases (介绍短语)
◆These claims have been strongly contested in recent years by a number of writers.
近年来，许多作家强烈反对这些说法。
◆The X theory has been vigorously challenged in recent years by a number of writers.
近年来，X理论受到许多作家的强烈挑战。
◆More recent arguments against X have been summarised by Smith and Jones (1982):
最近反对X的论点由Smith和Jones (1982)
总结:
◆Many analysts now argue that the strategy of X has not been successful. Jones (2003), for example, ..
许多分析师现在认为X的战略并不成功。
琼斯(2003) ,例如，..
◆Highlighting inadequacies of previous studies (强调之前的研究不足)
◆There are obvious dificulties in accepting the reliability of self- report information. .
在接受自我报告信息的可靠性方面存在明显的困难
◆However, these results were limited to X and are therefore not representative of ..
但是，这些结果仅限于X，因此不代表..
◆Most of the research on the association between X and Y is flawed methodologically.
大多数关于X和Y之间关联的研究在方法上都是有缺陷的。.
◆The experimental data are rather controver sial, and there is no general agreement about ..
实验数据颇具争议，关于..
ldentifying a weakness in a single study or paper
(分辨单个研究中的缺陷)
◆The scope of this research was relatively narrow, being primarily concerned with ..
这项研究的范围相对较窄，主要关注..
◆Smith’s study of X is considered to be the most important, but it does suffer from the fact that
史密斯对X的研究被认为是最重要的，但它确实受到以下事实的影响:
◆However, these results were based upon data from over 30 years ago and it is unclear whether
然而，这些结果是基于30多年前的数据是不清楚是
Introducing problems and limitations with a theory or argument
(用论点来介绍问题以及局限点)
◆The X theory has been vigorously challenged in recent years by a number of writers.
近年来，X理论受到许多作家的强烈挑战。
◆A second criticism of the hypothesis draws upon research evidence which suggests ..
对该假设的第二个批评借鉴了研究证据,这些证据表明.
◆The X hypothesis hus been questioned on the basis of some conflicting experimental findings.
X假说在一些相互矛盾的实验结果的基础 上受到质疑。
◆Around the 1970s the consensus was that..
but during the 1980s several researchers challenged this view.
大约在1970年代，共识….但在1980年代，一些研究人员对这一观点提出了质疑。
Introducing problems and limitations with a method or practice
(用方法来介绍问题以及局限点)
◆The disadvantage of this method is its reliance on the availbilty of
这种方法的缺点是它依赖于
◆Another problem with this approach is that it fails to take X into account.
这种方法的另一个问题是它没有考虑到X。
◆Dificulties arise, however, when an atempt is made to implement the policy.
然而，当试图执行该政策时，就会出现困难。
◆There are obvious difiulties in accepting the reliability of self-report information
接受自我报告信息的可靠性存在明显困难
Criticising an author or an author’s work (批评该研究)
◆The most important of these criticisms is that Smith failed to note that..
这些批评中最重要的是史密斯没有注意到这一点。
. The most convincing rebuttal of Smith’s interpretations has been writen by ..
◆Smith’s decision to prioritise X as the primary cause of Y has been widely attacked.
史密斯将x作为Y的主要原因的决定受到了广泛的攻击。.
Offering constructive suggestions
(提出建设性建议)
◆These studies would have been more useful if they had focused on ..
这些研究会更多如果他们专注于…
、The study would have been more relevant if the researchers had asked..
这项研究会更相关如果研究人员问..
◆The questionnaire would have been more useful if it had asked participants about ..
如果调查问卷询问参与者关于….
Evaluating work positively
(积极评价研究)
◆In a well-designed and robust study, Smith (1998)exarmined data from .. .
在一项精心设计且稳健的研究中，Smith (1998)检查了来自..
，A good summary of the lassification of X has been provided in the work of ..
X分类的良好总结已在工作中提供…
◆) The pioneering work of Smith remains crucial to our wider understanding of..
史密斯的开创性工作对于我们更广泛地了解…
◆The most comprehensive study of X during this period has been undertaken by
在此期间对X进行的最全面的研究是由….
