1. perfect = optimise = improve improve improve = improve = improve = innovate = make better = upgrade update
2. so = therefore = thus = thereby = in this way = so far as, due to; because = direct space
3. to establish = to form = to produce to generate = to build to erect = to establish
4. achieve = realise, attain = about = roughly have = keep around xx = total is
5. preference = bias = tend to = value = focus on = be more willing to choose = be keen on
6. have significance = be of outstanding significance to x = occupy an important position = be a top priority in terms of x
7. how = how
8. developed so far = so far = to this day three from xx to xx = since xx since xx years = up to xx years
9. The antecedents of development can be “healthy, stable, scientific, good, effective, reasonable, orderly, sound, sustainable, safe, long-term, innovative”, and so on.
Long-term, innovative”, etc.
10. both x and x = not only x but also x – at the same time have both = at the same time as x, can also do = – aspect, on the other hand = first, its
secondly, furthermore, next, then, finally
11. mainly have = include = divide into = consist of xx = can be reduced to
12. normally = usually = generally = generally speaking = most of the time = generally = mainstream = for the most part
13. based on = in accordance with = in xx manner by = utilising = by virtue of = relying on = in conjunction with = choosing = taking = selecting
14. cause = to cause = to cause to have an effect on xx – to bring about an effect on xx = to significantly affect xx
15. to promote to promote = to accelerate the realisation of = to accelerate the implementation of – to carry out
16. convert into = to convert = to evolve into = to turn into = to become
17. focus on = focus on = focus on = stress on = focus on = focus on = focusing on
18. continuously = gradually = more and more
19. introduce/issue/issue/issue/issue/publish/develop/issue/publish = x of xx
20. overly = very = characteristically = obviously = extremely
21. on the basis of x = while x is occurring
22. occur = appear = have
23. x is x and x = X as x, should be
24. to be in = to remain in a present is = to be at this stage is = to stay in
25. x is = x in x is = the ratio of x and x is = x has x per cent of x
26. either x or x = either x or x = x including x and x are = x, x are
27. universal = widespread = applied mainly to = applicable to = more common in x
28. first appeared in = first introduced in = emerged in = created in = founded in = established in = first proposed by xx
29. signifies = represents = means = implies = illustrates = i.e. = indicates = corresponds to
30. about involving = in x terms = associated – related to
31. to carry out = to proceed
32. indicate = describe = i.e.
33. following a principle = based on a principle = obeying a norm
34. mutually = with each other = between the two
35. if x then, if x then, suppose x then should, vice versa x
36. way, method, practice, behaviour, response, programme
37. set up = form set up = construct
38. on x level = from x point of view
39. in other words = in simple terms
40. there is a relationship between x and x = there is a x correlation between x and x
41. and = the same as = with = and
42. represents = means = i.e.
43. compared to x, x is more = comparing x and x reveals that
44. the study found = the results of the study showed = the results showed = the study concluded that = after study
45. improved compared to previous years and increased compared to last year
46. x is different from x x is different from x = the main difference between x and x is that
47. satisfy = meet = meet the standard
48. undertake = be responsible for = play
49. important = critical = top priority
50. implement-implement effective=power up
51. past-traditional=past=routine
52. ensure = guarantee = guarantee that x can be realised and x can be done
53. in general = overall
54. become difficult = make more difficult no longer simple = make difficult to increase obstacles
55. become easy = simplify = reduce difficulty = remove obstacles = reduce hindrances
56. break free from the shackles ~ break the deadlock = break through – lift restrictions = remove restrictions = remove constraints
57. first, second, then, next, then, finally = first, second, third = one, two,,, three
58. growth rate of 65 per cent = growth rate increased to 65 per cent = growth rate of about 65 per cent = growth rate increased to 65 per cent = growth rate increased from xx to 65 per cent .
