Standard Citation
Citations should include the author’s name (last name only) and the year of publication in parentheses after the quote.
For example, “Gatsby’s obsession is evident throughout the story, as in ‘He turned to her with a surge of emotion'” (Fitzgerald, 2004).
The name of the author has been
If the author’s name has already been inscribed in the original text, only the year of publication needs to be inscribed in parentheses, the
E.g. “Fitzgerald’s frequent use of ‘old sports jackets’ in the novel implies that Gatsby regards Nick Carraway as a close friend” (2004).
Accompanying Page Numbers
If a quotation is specific to a particular page, it must be clearly labelled with a page number for the reader’s ease of reference, and it is important to indicate the page number correctly to avoid misidentifying it as a false quotation, which could lead to academic plagiarism.
For example, “Knapper and Cropley argue that adults’ willingness to learn is influenced by their attitudes, values, and self-image, and is highly dependent on their learning skills. This view is taken from page 44 of their book, 1991.”
Multiple authors
When two or more authors are involved, the surnames of all authors need to be listed in order.
For example, “‘Colour-rich values also express emotion, and black-and-white paintings often carry a strong emotional tension’ (Lazzari and Schleiser, 2011).”
Multiple authors together with etal.
When multiple authors are involved, the last name of the first author is usually listed first, followed by ‘et al.’.
For example, “Potter et al. further explain in their study that ‘in most Filipino families of the Catholic faith, newborns are born and stay at home until after the baptismal ceremony to ensure the health and safety of the child.'”
Oral Presentations
For oral presentational material, such as lectures, the citation format refers to the form of a published work, including the name of the speaker and the date of the presentation.
For example, “Recent unpublished research on early human origins challenges all the ideas in many textbooks” (Barker, 1996).
Quoting Dialogue
If the information quoted originates from a person-to-person dialogue, such as the content of a discussion with a teacher or tutor, the citation format can be based on the following example:
“Experience from the Leicester Student Learning Centre suggests that many students are eager to improve their writing skills and are keen to seek help and guidance. This is the view of Maria Lorenzini (PERSONAL COMMUNICATION).”
